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A dust collection system is a system that removes particulate contaminants from the air in production facilities, workshops, and industrial complexes. The system cleans air by forcing it through a series of airtight filters. Once the air is cleaned, it is expelled outside or recirculated after it has achieved the proper emission standards.
As environmental concerns have grown, dust collection systems have become necessary for industries producing large amounts of dust particles and ambient gasses. Manufacturers of dust collection systems are required to adhere to strict government guidelines and assure their customers of the efficiency of their systems as well as their compliance with EPA, NFPA, and MSHA standards.
In simple terms, a dust collection system is designed to remove particulates from the air produced during an operation. This short definition is an extreme simplification of the ingenuity required to design and produce a means of capturing harmful contaminants.
The basic components of a dust collection system include a blower, dust filter, cleaning system, receptacle, ductwork, and means of collecting particulate matter. The common types of dust collecting equipment include fabric filter baghouses, inertial separators - sometimes referred to as mechanical cyclones, cartridge collectors, wet scrubbers, and electrostatic precipitators. Baghouse dust collectors are the most commonly used since they have 99% efficiency.
The types of pollutants removed differ according to the industry. Dust collector manufacturers design and develop equipment to specifically meet the needs of each environment condition.
Dust collection systems have ductwork to draw in the air, an air purifier, and a receptacle. These basic elements are configured differently for each type of system.
The design of the ductwork may seem simple, but it has to be carefully considered to ensure the proper performance of the system. The size of the pipe depends on the tool size, air requirements, length of needed pipe, number of machines being serviced, and the types of particulates being extracted. The ductwork size changes throughout the system and collects the air drawn in by fans and collectors.
Though a fan or blower may have a simple design when installed in a dust collection system, several factors have to be considered. The first of those factors is the volume of air that needs to be moved. This is measured in cubic feet per minute (CFM). The next consideration is the static pressure throughout the whole system. Other variables are temperature, substances in the air, and the level of moisture.
The blower or fan is a critical element in a dust collection system since it is the mechanism that pulls the contaminated air into the ductwork away from the workplace and sends it to the filtration and cleaning systems. The basic types of blowers are centrifugal and axial. The centrifugal type has wheels in the housing, while the axial type has propellers.
The dust filter is the air-cleaning portion of the dust collection system. There isn’t any one standard dust collection filter. In essence, the blower pulls the air from the location into the filter that removes the particulates from the air. The air-to-cloth ratio is the amount of air that passes through a square foot of the filter. The lower the ratio, the higher quality of the filtration system's efficiency.
As can be imagined, the filtration system for a dust collection system can become filled and clogged as particulates build up on the surface of the filter. There are a variety of methods used to clean filters, some of which involve shutting down the system. This is not an option for systems that have to operate continuously, so alternate methods have to be used during operation.
An on-demand system has a controller with a pressure sensor to monitor the filter's static differential. The system measures the pressure differential between the clean and dirty air plenum. When the levels are too high, it sends a signal to a diaphragm valve to release compressed air into the filter to remove the accumulated particles. This is referred to as a pulse jet baghouse or pulse jet dust collector and is the most common form of particulate air pollution control equipment. A Magnehelic gauge monitors the pressure, while a Photohelic gauge, connected to the timer board, communicates with the pulse down cleaning system.
Other systems produce an alarm to advise operators that a significantly high pressure has been reached. Most systems, whether they are on demand or not, have control devices that make operators aware of a collection failure or drop in pressure across the filter.
Once the particulate matter passes through the system and is removed from the filter, it falls into a container or receptacle for collection. The design of the container depends on the type of material being filtered and its loading rate. The main types of mechanisms are:
Dust collection systems are a critical part of several industries. Their design and engineering have to match the needs of the industry where they are being used with the main purpose of controlling, reducing, and removing contaminants, harmful matter, gas fumes, and dust. They are engineered to purify and filter air so that it can be released into the surrounding environment or the workspace.
Each industry has a different array of pollutants and harmful particles to be removed. Dust collectors must meet the specific extraction needs required by each industry to provide optimum air purification.
As the standards for clean air have become more rigid, manufacturers of dust collection systems have risen to the demand and produced air purification devices that meet and exceed government requirements.
The shaker design of dust collection systems is a baghouse system that shakes the filters to release the particles into the collection bin or hopper. They operate using one of two systems, which are compartmentalized when the airflow is stopped. The compartment design is more practical since it allows for continuous operation without taking the whole system offline. They are used where it is not possible to supply compressed air to clean the filter, such as foundries, steel mills, mines, and smelting plants.
Cyclone dust collection systems are a form of inertial separator that uses centrifugal force to separate particulates. The cyclone is created in a self-contained chamber where the air is purified by cyclonic action. The circulated airflow, which is similar to a vortex, pushes the heavier contaminants against the walls of the chamber. Once collected, they slide down the sides of the chamber into a collection hopper. They are used by woodshops, paper mills, shot blasting processes, and grain mills.
The most common form of dust collecting system is the baghouse. It is the most efficient system and uses a fan to create a vacuum to force contaminants through a filter in a bag. Baghouse methods are divided by how they clear their filters. The shaker method shakes the filter to remove the collected dust, while the pulse jet version uses a burst of air when a sensor detects the filter is full. The reverse air method forces fresh air through the filter. Some industries that use baghouse systems are powder coating companies, cement plants, paper manufacturers, and rubber recycling.
Dust cakes on the outside of the bags and is removed down into collection hoppers by a blast of compressed air or motion. They operate continuously to collect particles of any size. The design of the system allows for easy access for maintenance.
There are different cartridge dust collection systems, with some systems having the cartridges hung vertically while others have the cartridges placed horizontally. The design of the two systems is to meet the needs of different air filtering processes.
With a horizontal system, dirty air enters the cartridge at high velocity. The top row of cartridges has deflectors to protect the other cartridges and to ensure the cartridges do not get clogged. As the dirty air goes through the cartridges, it is deposited on the external part of the filter. In a cyclical fashion, a burst of air is injected into the cartridge that creates a wave effect through the filter, shaking the collected material into the hopper. The horizontal system allows for permanent and perfect cartridge alignment without yokes, sagging, or cracking. Gaskets create a tight and secure seal along the housing and filters.
Vertical cartridge dust collecting system replaces bags with cylindrical or oval-shaped cartridges that are open on both ends and are lined with pleated filtering media. One end of the cartridge is sealed, with the open end used for clean exhaust. The air stream is forced through the outside of the cartridge to the inside. The cartridges are kept clean by compressed air blown into them, which removes built-up dust that falls into the hopper below.
A wet scrubber dust collection system uses droplets of water to capture the dust particles. The system has two whirling blades that turn in opposition to each other. The first blade pulls the dust-ladened air into the mechanism and saturates it with water. As the rotation accelerates, a mist eliminator forces the saturated dust particles into the disposal unit. When the dust particles are soaked with water, they increase in size, which makes them easier to remove. Types of scrubbers include gravity spray towers, cyclone spray chambers, impingement scrubbers, packed bed scrubbers, and venturi scrubbers.
Downdraft tables are self-contained dust collection systems that suck particulate matter from the table into a filtration system. They are portable dust collection systems that function as a workspace and are used for small jobs. They are normally made of steel with a powerful suction motor. Downdraft tables are referred to as extractors or grinding tables. To allow for airflow, the top of a downdraft table is perforated. The size of the perforations influences the airflow and efficiency of the table.
A viable solution for dust collection for processes that create dust as part of manufacturing and processing is a self-contained, internal return dust collection system that uses a set of fans, filters, and collection bags to remove dust from workstations and manufacturing. They are a positive pressure bag collector used in facilities where particles do not reach the submicron level. Unlike dust collection systems that send environmental air to a filtering system, a self-contained, internal system removes dust where it accumulates and sends it to be filtered and collected.
This type of system is the least expensive and extremely efficient. It is designed to collect wood chips, plastic particles, and materials that accumulate on solid surfaces. In addition, the system is completely self-contained, meaning that it does not discharge air into the atmosphere and comes in sizes to fit any operation.
An ambient dust collection system is used for fume and dust collection and uses a cartridge-type filtration system with pleated bags. The efficiency of an ambient dust collection system can change the air in a building. A capture system that uses hoods, arms, and capture points is part of an ambient dust collection system. As the cleaned air returns to a building, it forces dirty air into the ambient dust collection system.
The advantages of ambient systems are their ability to remove dirty air from the work area and return filtered clean air without using ductwork. Ambient systems are push-pull, where they remove dirty air and return clean air. The system is capable of removing fugitive dust or fumes from portable sources.
An ambient system includes multiple smaller collectors instead of one very large one. In shops with variable production, two or more small systems may be preferable to one large system. Such a system allows for adjustments to be made to meet present conditions.
The main feature of a push-pull ambient system is cleaning the air and returning it. This is unlike a system that cleans the air and releases the clean air outside the building, which can be wasteful. The push-pull method is highly efficient and energy-saving and takes advantage of heating and cooling systems that do not exist with air being vented outside.
A part of ambient dust collection systems is bipolar ionization, known as needlepoint bipolar ionization (NPBI), which is a process that uses air purification technology to kill airborne viruses. The installation of NPBI technology improves indoor air quality for healthier working conditions. Filters provide filtration for the air while the ionizers take the exhaust and give it passive air filtration to enrich the air being returned to the building. The ions from the system move in the airstream and clean the air everywhere, even in unseen places.
NPBI uses an electronic charge to create a plasma field filled with a high concentration of ± ions, like ions found in nature. As they enter the airstream, they attach to particles, pathogens, gasses, and odors, including submicron particles. The particles become attracted to each other and are large enough to be easily filtered. The ions kill the particles by removing their hydrogen, which is essential for their existence.
Though filtration systems are a popular form of dust collection, there are systems that do not use filters. One of these is an electrostatic precipitator, which uses the force of electrostatic energy to remove particles from the air and has discharge wires and collecting plates. As particles pass through the system, they are ionized and charged, which causes them to be accumulated on a collecting plate. From the collecting plate, the particles are removed by rapping or vibration. The process can be seen in the diagram below.
Electrostatic precipitator dust collectors (ESPS) are effective with large airflow. Common users of ESPS are coal-fired power plants and paper mills that have a high volume of gas passing through boilers and process high volumes of air, which is too large for a baghouse system.
A problem with ESPS systems is how slowly particles take on an electric charge. For the system to be effective, the particles in the air must be capable of taking on a charge rapidly for quick removal.
The main function of dust collectors is to collect dust and clean the air. The majority are not designed to extract flammable materials or explosive dust collected in the dust collection system. These hazards require special explosion-proof dust collectors that have systems to prevent and control explosive materials.
The first step in selecting an explosion-proof dust collection system is identifying the types of dust a process creates. Various types of dust have to be controlled and monitored differently in order to be controlled. Although explosion-proof dust collectors are designed to suppress explosions, each type is manufactured to meet the requirements of different forms of dust and has to be selected according to its criteria. It is important to know that all organic dust is explosive and requires an explosion-proof dust collector.
In cases with potential explosive or flammable particles, the process starts with “go or no go” testing, where dust is sent to be evaluated. The process helps in selecting the proper dust collecting system.
As the number of regulations and standards for air pollutants rises, dust collection systems are becoming a necessity, though, at one time, they were considered an add-on luxury. Manufacturers of dust collection systems keep a strict watch on government standards and design systems that expertly adhere to the requirements.
Aside from the various regulations, there are practical reasons for installing a dust collection system. The first consideration is the protection of the health of workers who have to work in gas-filled and dust-saturated environments.
When deciding to install a dust collection system, there are certain factors that should be considered. Though less expensive systems may be more attractive for financial reasons, the most important factor is the quality of the air in the workspace and the area around the facility.
Whenever there is a concentration of dust and gas, there is always the potential for fire. By having a dust collection system, especially one with a spark arrestor, the concern for fire is significantly reduced. A dust collection system has dust constantly moving, which prevents it from collecting and becoming a hazard.
Prior to the development of dust collection systems, dust explosions, especially in woodworking shops, were very common. The problem was so prevalent that many shops had a wall open to the outside. Much like fire prevention, dust collection systems keep air moving and circulating to prevent the possibility of dust collecting sufficiently to produce an explosion bubble.
Air in a dust collection system is constantly circulating and being refreshed, which assists in keeping odorous contaminants out. Though dust collection systems may get confused with air conditioning, they have far more benefits. When polluted air is sent through filtration, it removes the contaminants and odors they create. Odor reduction is not common in all dust collection systems. Where odor is a concern, carbon-impregnated filters are used.
One of the major areas of concern for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH), and the Center for Disease Control (CDC) is the safety of the workspace for workers. Regarding dust and contaminants, they have specific requirements regarding the allowable percentage of particulates in a cubic foot of air. Violation of these standards can lead to a business being closed, which makes it essential to install an acceptable dust collection system.
Something that is rarely considered in an industrial environment is the cleanliness and quality of the floor. One of the benefits of a dust collection system is the removal of the need to constantly clean the floor. There may be slight accumulations during a workday, but a dust collection system significantly reduces the need to sweep the floor or dust off a workspace.
Psychological studies have proven, such as the Hawthorne Study, that a clean, well-lit work environment produces more productivity and improved worker morale. Workers who are not constantly confronted with offensive odors and unclean workspaces tend to enjoy their workday and are more productive. A dust collecting system is an essential factor in producing the ideal conditions. In many ways, investing in a dust collecting system can benefit the bottom line.
Compliance with government regulations is the most important of all the motivating factors for installing a dust collection system. Companies that do not have the proper particulate percentage can be fined or forced to cease operations. OSHA and NIOSH closely monitor potentially harmful working conditions and do random inspections.
A dust collection system is essential for any industry that produces gasses, dust, overspray, or other forms of particulate matter. Once thought to be only part of woodworking, these highly technical and efficient units have become common in various industrial operations.
Many of the operations that use dust collection systems are mainly concerned about safety since several operations involve the use of gasses.
Plasma cutters produce fine smoke and fumes, which need to be removed to protect the operator. Dust collection systems for plasma cutters use specially designed downdraft tables to draw the fumes away from the workspace and workers.
Welding fumes contain particulate matter and various forms of gasses in the workspace of the welder. Various types of dust collection systems are used to capture and collect the hazardous matter produced by welding. Since welding fumes and dust can be explosive, the material produced must be tested for its fire and explosive characteristics in accordance with the standards of OSHA and the National Fire Protection Association'sAssociation (NFPA).
The most common form of a system used for welding operations is cartridge filtration, which is highly efficient at capturing small particles.
The volatility of the dust from seed and grain operations is so high that OSHA has a set of standards specifically designed for these operations. Dust from seed and grain operations varies according to the types of materials being moved. It can be abrasive, sticky, or extremely fine. This is further complicated by the wide variety of equipment used in seed and grain operations, which include conveyors, elevators, bins, various forms of vents, silos, and mixers.
The most common form of dust collecting system for seed and grain operations is a baghouse collector since they can be easily placed in hard-to-reach locations or places with limited space. Baghouse collectors are used for their high efficiency of 99% and reliability.
The initial concern for air quality in the workplace began with woodworking since it produces large volumes of sawdust and fumes. As producers have investigated the various woodworking operations, they have found that a wide variety of particulate matter is produced. The determining factor is the type of work that is being done.
Lumber mills and sawmills require different dust collection systems than wood pellet manufacturers. Each type of operation requires a different form of collection system.
Regardless of the type of woodworking operation, wood dust has been found to be the major cause of dust accidents. The dangers of dust from woodworking operations are highly underestimated. Wood dust easily ignites and spreads rapidly, making a dust collection system essential.
The two types of dust collection systems for woodworking operations are cartridge and baghouse, with baghouse being the most efficient. Regardless of the type of system chosen, it has to be designed and engineered to specifically fit the operation and production process of the customer.
The central concern for dust collection systems in the food processing industry is transport, storage, and mixing, which are the areas that accumulate the most dust. Sugar, powders, flour, meals, spices, and starch are materials that produce dust that needs to be controlled and monitored.
Food processing involves conveyors, packing equipment, mixers, shelling machines, and concentrated storage areas. Filtration systems can be connected to all equipment and locations. The special needs of food processing require stainless steel since it is approved for operations involved in food manufacturing.
The two agencies that regulate air quality for mining operations are the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), a branch of the Department of Labor. The main concern for mining regulations is silicosis and black lung disease.
Dust control systems for mining operations must withstand heavy use but be flexible enough to adapt to a wide variety of conditions. The nature of mining dust requires very sturdy and reliable equipment since mining dust can be rough and abrasive as well as extremely fine. The various types of mining determine the type of dust collection system. Dust from rock mines tends to be less combustible and unstable, while dust from coal mines is highly volatile.
Regardless of the operation, mining dust control systems are designed to suppress explosions, isolate fumes, and control odors from gasses. The common types of dust collection systems for mines are baghouse and cartridge.
Fiberglass dust is a serious health risk that can cause eye, skin, and lung irritation. The size of the dust particles varies depending on the type of operation, with certain resins having the potential to combust. Fiberglass is composed of silica and other minerals, which are extruded and reinforced with resin. The dust particles from fiberglass tend to stick together regardless of if the process is grinding, cutting, or some other form of shaping.
To meet the standards of OSHA and NFPA, fiberglass dust collection systems must have fire and explosion protection components. The air quality for fiberglass dust control systems is closely monitored due to the health risks. Cartridge dust collecting systems are normally used for fiberglass operations.
The challenges for foundry dust collection systems revolve around crystalline silica dust, carbon monoxide, and heat, which are toxic combinations. These factors make meeting air quality standards difficult and demanding. Therefore, when selecting a dust control system for a foundry, the first consideration is the ability of the unit to withstand harsh and hazardous workplace conditions.
The environmental conditions of a foundry make selecting the proper dust control system difficult. Aside from the obvious conditions, the selected equipment has to meet the regulations of OSHA, the EPA, and the NFPA. To meet those standards, dust collection systems employ shakeout enclosures, collection hoods, melt, mold pouring, cooling hoods, and exhaust stacks.
Pleated bag and cartridge-style collectors have a highly efficient filtration system as well as a compact size and reduced pressure drop. In operations containing lead or silica particles, a HEPA after-filter is added to ensure zero emissions.
Coating, or thermal spray, applies heated material to metals to coat their surfaces. Dust collection systems for this type of operation must be specifically designed to fit the type of coating being applied. The purpose of the system is to control and minimize overspray and dust.
The typical thermal spray dust control system uses ducts to move air to the collection device. The ductwork is attached to the booth or cell where the spray is applied. Though it would seem likely to increase airflow and movement, this type of solution may be inefficient and waste energy. The design of the booth depends on the force of the air entering the cell or booth. For most systems, it is important to have a slight vacuum in the booth to avoid possible positive pressure.
One of the more efficient designs is to have a makeup air connection opposite the air extraction unit, which creates cross ventilation. Another method is simply placing the makeup air connection on the top of the booth. Regardless of the design, it is important for the cleansing of the air to have cross ventilation.
Much like a cleanroom, airflow in a thermal spray booth can be either horizontal or downward, though the downward design is best for dust collection systems. With the downward design, the booth floor is a grating to take advantage of gravity for air movement.
The pharmaceutical industry is a highly controlled industry with extensive and precise regulations. Dust from pharmaceuticals is generated mostly during the production and packaging of products. Each step of producing a drug, which includes granulating, drying, mixing, pressing, coating, and grinding, produces large amounts of dust that need to be removed. The dust produced can easily migrate across the factory floor and contaminate workers and products. Intercepting and controlling this dissemination is the function of the dust control system.
When designing a dust control system for a pharmaceutical plant, the first consideration is mapping the ventilation system to track the path of dust, fumes, existing airflow patterns, and possible evolutionary changes. Since many pharmaceutical dusts are combustible, the design of the ventilation system is extremely critical.
The two types of dust collection systems used by pharmaceutical concerns are baghouse and cartridge since the filters do not have to be replaced that often and are self-cleaning through pressure air spray. HEPA filters are commonly found in pharmaceutical dust control systems since they are the most efficient and reliable. As with a foundry system, they are installed as a secondary protection to achieve zero emissions.
Recycling produces a great deal of dust as a natural outcome of diminishing items to their raw materials. This is particularly true in recycling rubber, metals, and plastic. Dust originates after materials are shredded, crushed, or have paint or lacquer removed.
All recycling facilities are required to adhere to air quality standards. As they work to meet quality standards and control pollutants, they have recognized that dust control is a major issue, leading to the wide use of dust collection systems to mitigate and contain the problem.
Although dust collection systems are designed to collect all forms of particulate matter, certain systems perform better with specific materials. When manufacturers choose a dust control system, they are advised by producers about the type of system that would best fit their needs since purchasing and installing a dust control system is a major investment.
Particulate matter comes in a wide variety of forms, from silicon dust to wood chips and sawdust. The type and design of the dust control system for each type of matter are differentiated by how efficiently and economically it removes dangerous materials. Below is a short list of the types of particles that dust collection systems can remove.
A necessary consideration in dealing with dust filtering and collection is its potential combustibility, which relates to any type of dust that can catch fire or explode when mixed with a concentration of air. In the right conditions, collected dust can become dangerous, hazardous, and explosive. Any build-up of dust, in the presence of the right ignition source, can create an explosion.
In certain situations, dust can self-ignite without needing an igniting agent, such as when static builds up as the particles rub together. Combustible dust can be found in mining, chemical industries, plastics production, pharmaceuticals, and metalworking.
An initial understanding of the conditions that create explosive dust provides companies with the knowledge to prevent such conditions and be proactive in their response. Since explosions can potentially harm workers, the Office for Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has developed a set of standards to guide companies in ensuring employee safety.
A spark arrestor is a combustion-preventative add-on for systems with the potential for combustion. They trap exhaust and lower the temperature of heated particles before they enter a dust-collecting device. Industries involved in heating metals commonly have spark arrestors as a safety measure. Spark arrestors are required to meet the specifications of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) number 69. They channel sparks and embers away from the dust collection system, where the sparks are cooled to prevent explosions and fire.
With the growing concern for the environment, dust collection systems have become vital in many industrial and manufacturing operations. Government regulatory agencies regularly publish regulations and standards regarding the permitted quality of air released from production facilities. The organizations and administrations that focus on air quality are the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).
Though OSHA does not have dust collection system regulations, it does have regulations regarding the amount of dust that can accumulate in a production facility. In addition, there are requirements regarding the removal of combustible dust particles. The main focus of OSHA standards is a stipulation of the precautions being taken by a company to protect the health of its employees.
Regardless of the absence of dust collection standards, OSHA does prefer that manufacturers have a dust collection system to control dust accumulation. The regulations regarding dust collection relate to the factors for keeping employees safe.
OSHA does have regulations related to exposure to dust and describes the types of dust that are harmful and dangerous. The organization has published exposure limits for each form of harmful dust.
In 2020, OSHA published specific regulations regarding silica dust in an effort to reduce exposure to crystalline silica.
OSHA Regulation 1910.272 is specifically written to cover the standards required for seed and grain operations. It covers in detail the various operations that expose workers to harmful dust.
Since dust and its accumulation is a potential fire hazard, the NFPA has developed requirements and standards for dust collection systems regarding fire and explosion suppression.
The EPA regularly reviews air quality standards as specified by the Clean Air Act’s National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Particulate Matter. The agency has established Dust Lead Hazard Standards (DLHS) under the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA). The stipulations of the DLHS are guidelines for health inspectors.
MSHA-P13-03 – covers the sampling procedures for mine respirable dust samplings.
Under the Continuous Personal Dust Monitor (CPDM) certification system, mines must apply for certification every three years with a personal examination showing competency in sampling procedures, maintenance, and calibration.
Phase III of the program implemented in 2016 has specific respirable dust rules:
The NIOSH has established standards for rating filtration systems governed by Part 84 of Title 42 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Mechanisms designed for respiratory protection are classified under air-purifying respirators and chemical protection cartridges.
NIOSH classifies respiratory systems by their efficiency level when exposed to lubricants, cutting fluids, and glycerine, to name a few. When a filter is tested, it must demonstrate a minimum efficiency level set by the NIOSH.
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