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Power Cord: Standards, Terminology and Uses

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Introduction

This article takes an in-depth look at power cords. Read further to learn more about topics such as:

  • What is a Power Cord?
  • Power Cord Terminology
  • Coupler Standards for Power Cords
  • Plug Standards for Power Cords
  • And much more...
Power Cord Plug

Chapter 1: What is a Power Cord?

A power cord is a crucial electrical component designed to link appliances to a power source or an electrical utility. It typically consists of an insulated electric cable with connectors molded onto one or both ends. One end generally features a male plug that connects to an electrical outlet, wall socket, or extension cord. The other end commonly has a female connector designed to attach to the appliance or another male plug. In certain scenarios, the female connector might be absent and substituted by a fixed cable that is directly attached to the appliance.

Power Cord 2

Power cords find widespread application in both residential and commercial environments, linking a variety of electrical devices such as televisions, computing devices, refrigerators, and air conditioning units. However, their use is less prevalent in industrial and manufacturing settings, where machinery typically demands higher current levels and voltages. Power cords are commonly rated to handle currents from 16 A to 20 A and voltages ranging from 125 V to 250 V, which generally fall short for heavy-duty industrial machinery requirements.

Heavy Duty Power Cords

Chapter 2: Power Cord Terminology

Several terminologies are used to specify power cords, and while some terms may be used interchangeably by laypeople, understanding their precise meanings is crucial for selecting the appropriate power cord. Accurate terminology ensures that the power cord meets the necessary specifications for safety, performance, and compatibility. A solid grasp of power cord and electrical cable terminology streamlines the selection process for power distribution, reducing risks of electrical hazards, equipment failure, or incompatibility. This is especially important for those sourcing replacement power cords, extension cords, or custom power cable assemblies.

What is the Difference Between a Power Cord and a Power Cable?

Although "power cords" and "power cables" are often used interchangeably, there are subtle distinctions between them depending on the context and specific characteristics. Power cords generally refer to flexible cables used to connect appliances to electrical outlets, typically featuring molded connectors on one or both ends. In contrast, power cables may refer to a broader category that includes both flexible and rigid cables designed for various applications, including high-voltage or industrial uses. Understanding these nuances helps in choosing the right product for specific needs and ensures electrical safety and compliance with regulatory standards.

A power cord typically refers to the flexible cable used in consumer electronics and household appliances, such as the cord on a laptop charger, a power supply for desktop computers, or a kitchen blender. In contrast, a power cable is a more general term that includes a wide range of cables used for power transmission, including extension cords, generator cables, and industrial-grade cords. These cables can encompass thicker, less flexible cables designed to handle higher current or voltage levels in commercial settings, data centers, or manufacturing facilities. Understanding these distinctions helps ensure you select the appropriate cable for your specific application, whether that's a standard 15 amp power cord, an industrial extension lead, or a custom-built assembly for high-powered equipment.

Below are the terms used to identify various parts and features of power cords and related electrical cord assemblies. These definitions help users compare and evaluate products based on technical standards and application-specific requirements.

Electric Cords

This is the most fundamental designation for devices that transmit electrical current from an outlet to an appliance. Electric cords, also known as electrical cords, can either supply or transfer power and are capable of carrying both AC and DC electricity. They include flexible conductors surrounded by insulation for protection, making them suitable for use in diverse environments—from residential power cords to heavy-duty industrial power cords.

Power Supply Cord

This type of electric cord is primarily used for connecting an appliance to an electrical utility outlet. Power supply cords can be removable or permanently attached and often conform to global safety standards such as UL, CSA, or IEC, depending on their target applications (e.g., IT equipment, kitchen appliances, or medical devices).

Cord Set

A cord set consists of a plug, a power cable, and a connector. It is used to connect an electrical appliance to an electrical utility or power supply. Cord sets are often identified by their connector types (e.g., IEC C13, NEMA 5-15P), length, voltage rating, and wire gauge. Choosing the right cord set is essential for ensuring proper electrical connection and compliance with industry safety regulations.

Cord Set

Interconnection Cord Set

This assembly consists of a male and female connector and is used for connecting two electrical appliances. An example would be a power cord linking a UPS (uninterruptible power supply) to a desktop CPU or monitor. Interconnection cord sets are common in data centers, server rooms, and AV equipment setups where modular connectivity is required.

Interconnection Cord Set

AC Power Cords

As the name implies, this power cord is designed to conduct electricity in the form of alternating current (AC), which features a sinusoidal waveform. AC is the standard type of electrical power provided by most electrical outlets in homes, businesses, and industrial facilities around the world. Common applications for AC power cords include personal computers, printers, household appliances, and lighting systems. When searching for AC power cords, considerations include plug type (such as NEMA or international standards), voltage/amperage rating, cable jacket material, and certification (such as UL or RoHS compliance).

Custom Power Cords

These are power cords ordered with specific, customized specifications. Due to the vast range of possible combinations for plugs, connectors, cord characteristics (such as length, gauge, or cable shielding), and color coding, not all configurations are readily available in the market. Leading power cord suppliers offer customization options to meet unique application needs, including medical-grade cords, right-angle plugs, hospital-grade connectors, or weatherproof and outdoor-rated cords. Custom power cable assemblies can be engineered for temperature extremes, hazardous locations, or international export compliance.

Extension Cords

These are electrical cords designed to extend the connection between the power source and the appliance. They feature a socket connection on one end and a plug on the other end. Extension cords may be rated for indoor or outdoor use, and come in various lengths and wire gauges to safely handle different power loads. Heavy-duty extension cords are essential for high-wattage tools and machinery, while light-duty extension cords work best for smaller electronics. Always check the ampacity and voltage rating when selecting an extension cord for your electrical devices.

Generator Power Cords

These are typically high-ampere-rated cords designed to handle significant electrical loads. Their current ratings can reach up to 50 A, ensuring that power is effectively distributed from the generator to the utility system. Generator power cords often use weather-resistant and oil-resistant materials to withstand outdoor conditions. It is crucial for generator power cords to match the highest rating and connector type of the generator outlet to prevent insulation breakdown and ensure safe operation. Applications include backup power for homes, RVs, construction sites, and critical infrastructure.

NEMA Power Cords

NEMA power cords are electrical cables that adhere to the standards established by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). These standards specify the design of each component of the power cord. NEMA standards are widely used in North America, Central America, and some regions of South America, ensuring compatibility and interchangeability among a wide variety of electrical outlets and devices. NEMA plug types such as NEMA 5-15P (standard 3-prong plug) and NEMA 6-15P (240V plug) are common in commercial and residential settings.

NEMA 5-15P Power Cords

These power cords are fitted with a Type B electrical plug on one end. NEMA 5-15P denotes a NEMA standard plug rated at 15 A and 125 V. The plugs have three pins: two flat, current-carrying pins (live and neutral) and one round earth pin. NEMA 5-15P power cords are ubiquitous in North American electrical systems for consumer electronics, appliances, office equipment, and small machinery. Make sure to match the plug and outlet types for safety and compliance.

Electrical Plug

An electrical plug is a movable male connector that pairs with a female connector or socket. It has protruding pins that match the openings on the socket. Plugs can have various features, such as earthing pins or clips, insulated sleeves, a fuse, and rewireable assembly. They come in different shapes, sizes, and standards to meet local regulations and safety codes worldwide. When purchasing replacement plugs, verify compatibility with your appliance, country, and intended application.

Sockets or Electrical Receptacles

Sockets are electrical fixtures designed to accept or receive electrical plugs. The contacts inside the socket are connected to the main electrical supply or power distribution system. Sockets and plugs are standardized to match each other and reduce the risk of misconnection and electrical faults. Specialized sockets, such as GFCI (ground fault circuit interrupter) or weatherproof outlets, offer added protection for specific environments like bathrooms or outdoor settings.

Plug Adapters

Plug adapters are devices used to connect electrical plugs and sockets of different types. Often referred to as “universal adapters,” they have a socket on one side that can receive any electrical plug. The other side typically features a Type A plug that fits into Type A sockets commonly found in households. Using plug adapters can pose risks, as they can bypass the safety features designed into the original plug or device. For travel, consider adapters that also support voltage conversion and surge protection for international use.

Connector

A connector is a part of the power cord designed to provide a temporary attachment to an appliance inlet or another appliance coupler. Different connector types (such as IEC, NEMA, and custom designs) ensure the compatibility and safety of connections. Connectors are a critical component in modular cord sets, enabling quick installation and equipment replacements.

Power Cord Connector

Appliance Inlet

This is the part of the appliance that accepts the power cord connector. Connectors and inlets are standardized by IEC 60320 (or IEC 320 for short), which specifies a range of coupler types (such as C13, C14, C19) used in computers, medical equipment, and networking devices. Matching the inlet and connector ensures dependable and safe operation.

Flexible Cord

The flexible cord or cable is a component of a cord or interconnection cord set. Made from insulated, stranded wire conductors, it links the plug and connectors. Its length can range from 6.6 to 32.8 feet (2 to 10 meters) depending on the standards used in manufacturing the power cord. Flexible cords are engineered for durability and flexibility, and are often rated for specific temperature ranges and abrasion resistance.

Power cords are 2-core or 3-core, depending on the number of phases of the electrical system. For example, the domestic distribution system is usually single-phase, requiring a 2-core cable. One core or wire is the live wire, colored black in North America or brown internationally, while the other is the neutral wire, colored white in North America or blue internationally. Multi-core cables (such as 4 or 5-core) are used for three-phase power distribution in industrial power cords.

Stripped Flexible Cord

Other flexible cord features include an additional wire smaller than the others. This is the grounding or earth wire, colored green in North America or green with yellow stripes internationally. Cable jacket materials, such as PVC, rubber, or thermoplastic elastomer, affect resistance to chemicals, heat, and moisture.

Pin

A pin, also known as a prong or lead, is a conductor protruding from the ends of a male connector or plug. It completes the path of the electrical current when connected to the contacts of the socket or connector. Pin count and arrangement vary by country and standard, influencing compatibility and safety.

Live Pin

The live pin, or hot pin, is the conductor connected to the power supply. It is responsible for supplying current from the outlet to the connected device. Identifying the live pin is critical during installation and wiring to prevent electrical accidents.

Neutral Pin

The neutral pin provides a return path for the electrical current supplied by the live connection. Correct wiring and identification of the neutral pin ensure proper function and reduced risk of electric shock.

Earth Pin

The earth pin, or grounding pin, provides a connection between the conductive parts of the appliance and the ground. It enhances the safety of the appliance by directing any stray current directly to the ground. Most plugs and connectors use earth pins that are longer than the live and neutral pins, ensuring that the appliance is grounded before power is supplied. Grounding is a universal electrical safety measure required in most commercial and residential wiring codes.

Insulated Sleeves

Insulated sleeves are safety features found in some types of plugs. They are plastic coverings that extend from the base of the pin to a certain length, preventing accidental contact with the pins when the plug is partially connected. Insulated sleeves reduce risks of electric shock, meeting the requirements of many regional and international electrical safety standards.

Power Cord Plug Parts

Polarized Connection

Polarized connections are designed to be connected in a specific direction, preventing the interchange of live and neutral pins. This helps protect the equipment from reverse flow of electric current. Polarization is achieved through notches, ridges, asymmetric shapes, and offsets in the earth pin. Products with polarized connectors are commonly required in North American residential applications and are critical for user safety in appliances such as lamps, microwaves, and televisions.

Shutters

Shutters are safety covers designed to prevent foreign objects from entering the openings of sockets. They help protect children from accidentally inserting materials into the socket that could cause electrocution. Typically, the insertion of the earth pin triggers the shutters to open, allowing access for the live and neutral pins. Sockets with integrated shutters are mandatory in many countries and can be a key selling point in family-friendly environments.

Plug Covers

Plug covers are non-conductive devices inserted into wall outlets to prevent children from inserting objects into the socket holes. They are used when the socket lacks shutters. For sockets with shutters, plug covers are not recommended, as they can undermine the safety features of the device. Child-proofing electrical outlets with plug covers or tamper-resistant sockets is highly recommended for homes, schools, and childcare centers.

Retainers

Retainers are mechanical devices that keep the connector properly aligned with a matching inlet and prevent unintended withdrawal. Retainers are particularly useful for medical, industrial, or mission-critical applications where accidental disconnection of power could cause data loss, equipment damage, or safety risks.

Current and Voltage Rating

This rating indicates the maximum electrical load and voltage that a cord can safely handle. Choosing a power cord with the correct current rating (in amperes) and voltage (in volts) is essential to avoid overheating, fires, or equipment damage. Always consult the device's technical specifications and adhere to local electrical codes when selecting cords for professional or personal use.

Rewireable Connector

Being rewireable is a feature of most plugs and connectors, particularly those used in industrial power cords. This refers to power cords with replaceable flexible cords, allowing for maintenance or replacement of the cord without replacing the entire plug or connector. Rewireable connectors are designed for ease of installation and repair, extending the lifespan of power cable assemblies in demanding environments.

Power Cord Splitter

Power cord splitters, also known as dividers or Y-cords, are used to split an electrical signal and supply it to two appliances or electrical circuits from a single outlet. While the signal's waveform is retained, the resulting amplitude or signal strength is reduced; always ensure not to exceed the combined load rating. Splitters provide convenience for users with multiple devices, but correct sizing and overload protection is essential for safety and compliance.

Fuse

A fuse is a safety device designed to open the circuit when the current passing through the cord or appliance exceeds its rated limit. This helps protect the circuit and equipment from damage due to overcurrent or short circuits. Fuses are commonly found in power strips, surge protectors, and some power cord assemblies—particularly for sensitive or mission-critical equipment. When a fuse blows, it must be replaced with one of the same type and rating to maintain circuit integrity and user safety.

Chapter 3: How Do Power Cords Work?

Power cords are essential components for transmitting electrical energy from a power source to electrical devices and appliances. As fundamental parts of electrical distribution systems, power cords facilitate the safe and efficient delivery of electricity to a wide range of electronics, from computers and household appliances to industrial equipment. They consist of several key elements that work together to ensure a reliable connection and minimize electrical hazards. At the core of a power cord are one or more conductors, typically made of high-conductivity copper or sometimes aluminum, which serve as pathways for electric current to travel from the power source—such as a wall outlet, portable generator, or power supply unit—to the device being powered.

Surrounding the conductors is a protective insulating material, most often fabricated from durable rubber or thermoplastic, which safeguards users by preventing direct contact with live wires and reducing the risk of electric shock. In addition to insulation, many power cords include an outer sheath or jacket that provides extra abrasion resistance, environmental protection, and extended product life. This robust construction is especially important for heavy-duty power cords used in industrial environments or outdoor applications.

At each end of the power cord are precision-engineered connectors, such as plugs and sockets, which enable seamless and secure electrical connections to both the power source and end devices. These connectors come in a variety of configurations—including NEMA, IEC, and international plug types—to match specific voltage and current requirements as well as regional standards. Connector design plays a critical role in safety and practicality, ensuring a firm connection and preventing accidental disconnection or arcing that could damage sensitive electronics.

The functionality of power cords relies on the principles of electrical conductivity, insulation, and mechanical durability. When connected to a qualified power source, the internal copper conductors enable free movement of electrons, supplying steady AC (alternating current) or DC (direct current) power as required by the equipment. The insulating materials and sheathing prevent electrical leakage, overheating, and short circuits, ensuring the current reliably follows the designated pathway. Power cords are manufactured to handle a diverse range of voltages, amperages, and environmental conditions, which is why various power cord types, such as extension cords, detachable cords, and specialty medical-grade cords, are available to suit specific industry needs and safety regulations.

When selecting a power cord, key factors include voltage rating, current capacity (amperage), wire gauge (AWG), cord length, plug configuration, and compliance with regulatory standards such as UL, CSA, VDE, or RoHS. Choosing the correct power cord for the application is crucial to avoid electrical hazards, maximize energy efficiency, and extend the service life of both the cord and connected devices. Whether used in consumer electronics, industrial automation, data centers, or medical devices, power cords remain a fundamental component of modern electrical and electronic systems, empowering us to use our equipment safely, reliably, and conveniently every day.

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    Chapter 4: Power Cord Couplers

    What are Power Cord Couplers?

    Power cord couplers play a crucial role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of various electrical and electronic devices. These connectors, often overlooked, serve as the interface between power sources and the equipment they power, enabling seamless transmission of electrical energy. Their importance lies in providing a secure and standardized connection, which reduces the risk of electrical accidents, ensures reliable power delivery, and facilitates ease of use. Power cord couplers come in various types and standards to accommodate different devices and voltage requirements, making them a vital component in maintaining electrical safety, compatibility, and overall functionality in both domestic and industrial settings.

    IEC 320, or IEC 60320, is the standard used to specify the dimensions and features of appliance couplers. While IEC also developed a standard to unify global appliance coupler regulations, plugs follow a separate system of standardization. The standards for plugs will be discussed in the following chapter.

    The table below summarizes IEC 320 appliance couplers.

    Connector (Female) Appliance Inlet (Male) Description Current Rating Max Cable Length Temp. Rating
    C1 C2
    • Consists of two round pins spaced 0.26 inches (6.6 mm) apart.

      C1 Connector
    • The cross-section of the connector molding is a composite 2D figure of a rectangle and two semicircles.
    • It is used in many low-power devices that run directly on AC power. Examples are electric shavers..
    • Gradually being phased out by power adapters supplying DC power.
    • Used in Class II equipment.
    • Unpolarized
    • Not earthed.
    • Non-rewireable.
    0.2 A 6.6 ft (2 m) 158°f (70°C)
    C3 C4
    • Consists of two round pins spaced 0.4 in (10 mm) apart.
    • Its molding has a composite shape. The connectors‘ cross-section around the pins is circular in shape. A rectangular ridge is added on the upper side of the figure.
    • This has been removed from the standard.
    • Used in Class II equipment.
    • Polarized.
    • Not earthed.
    • Non-rewireable.
    2.5 A 6.6 ft (2 m) 158°f (70°C)
    C5 C6
    • Also known as the cloverleaf or Mickey Mouse connector.

      C5 Connector
    • Composed of three pins arranged in a triangle.
    • The earth pin is located above the live and neutral pins. It is offset by 0.18 in (4.5 mm).
    • The live and neutral pins are spaced 0.4 in (10 mm) apart.
    • Commonly seen in laptop power supplies or power adapters.
    • Can be used in Class I equipment.
    • Polarized.
    • Non-rewireable.
    2.5 A 6.6 ft (2 m) 158°f (70°C)
    C7 C8
    • Also known as the figure 8 connector.

      C7-C8
    • The notches above and below the molding improve connector stability, making it better than the similarly shaped C1/C2 connector.
    • It has two pins spaced 0.34 in (8.6 mm).
    • The ordinary C8 inlet is 0.4 in (10 mm) deep. The other inlet variants, C8A and C8B, are 0.6 in (15.5 mm) deep.
    • Typically used in audio, video, and radio equipment.
    • Used in Class II equipment.
    • Unpolarized.
    • Not earthed.
    • Non-rewireable.
    2.5 A 13.1 ft (4 m) 158°f (70°C)
    C9 C10
    • Consists of two rectangular pins or blades.
    • It has two pins spaced 0.4 in (10 mm) apart.
    • The connector molding is rectangular in shape with chamfered/filleted edges.
    • Used in old models of hi-fi equipment.
    • Only applicable to Class II equipment.
    • Unpolarized.
    • Not earthed.
    • Non-rewireable.
    6 A - 158°f (70°C)
    C11 C12
    • Its shape is similar to that of the C9/C10 connector, except for the not at the top.
    • Discontinued and has been removed from the standard.
    • Used in Class II equipment.
    • Polarized.
    • Not earthed.
    • Non-rewireable.
    10 A - 158°f (70°C)
    C13 C14
    • Also referred to as the Euromain or IEC Cold Connector.

      C13-C14
    • Composed of three blades arranged in a triangle.
    • The current-carrying pins are spaced by 0.55 in (14 mm). The earth pin is offset by 0.16 in (4 mm). The earth pin is offset by 4 mm.
    • The connector molding is rectangular in shape with highly chamfered top edges.
    • It is the most commonly used connector. It is found on electronic devices such as desktop computers, projectors, printers, and monitors.
    10 A 6.6 ft (2 m), 32.8 ft (10 m) 158°f (70°C)
    C15 C16
    • Also known as the kettle lead or IEC Hot Connector.

      C15-C16
    • Its shape is similar to that of the C13/C14 connector, except for the notch at the bottom.
    • It has a higher temperature rating compared to the C13/C14 connector.
    • It has another variant, C15A/C16A, which is used in even higher temperatures. This variant has a rectangular ridge at the upper side of the molding.
    • These connectors are used in industrial applications.
    • Can be used in Class I equipment.
    • Polarized.
    • Earthed.
    • Rewireable.
    10 A - 248°F (120°C), 311°F (155°C)
    C17 C18
    • Composed of two pins spaced by by 0.55 in (14 mm).
    • The connector molding has a rectangular shape with highly chamfered top edges.
    • Used in Class II equipment.
    • Polarized.
    • Not earthed.
    • Non-rewireable.
    10 A - 158°f (70°C)
    C19 C20
    • Composed of three pins: the live and neutral pins are spaced 0.5 inches (13 mm) apart, while the earth pin is offset by 0.3 inches (8 mm).

      C19-C20
    • The pins are oriented horizontally.
    • The connector molding is rectangular in shape with filleted edges.
    • Used in high-rated power supplies and electrical devices where C13/C14 connectors are unsuitable.
    • Can be used in Class I equipment.
    • Polarized.
    • Earthed.
    • Rewireable.
    16 A - 158°f (70°C)
    C21 C22
    • Analogous to the relationship between C13/C14 and C15/C16 connectors, C21/C22 is the high-temperature variant of the C19/C20 type.
    • The connector molding has a rectangular shape with highly chamfered upper edges.
    • Can be used in Class I equipment.
    • Polarized.
    • Earthed.
    • Rewireable.
    16 A - 311°F (155°C)
    C23 C24
    • This is similar to C19/C20, except for the absence of an earth pin.
    • Limited to Class II equipment.
    • Polarized.
    • Non-rewireable.
    16 A - 158°f (70°C)

    Chapter 5: Power Cord Plugs

    Plugs and sockets can have different configurations based on local regulations, as electrical standards may vary by region, particularly for specific electrical components. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has established a designation system for specifying global plug types. The different plug types and their attributes are summarized in the table below.

    Plug

    Plug/Socket Type Description Region Standard Rating
    A
    • Also known as the flat blade attachment plug.

      Type-A-Plug
    • Consists of two parallel pins.
    • Some plugs have holes near the tip of the pin that fit into bumps on the socket contacts.
    • Some type A plugs have a wider neutral pin than the neutral, particularly those used in American regions.
    • Type A plugs with wider neutral pins are polarized.
    • These plugs are ungrounded but will still fit a Type B (NEMA 5-15) grounded receptacle.
    1. North America, Central America
    2. East Asia, Southeast Asia
    3. Some parts of the Middle East and Africa
    1. NEMA 1-15
    2. JIS C 8303 Class II
    1. 15 A, 125 V
    2. 15 A, 125 V
    B
    • Consists of two parallel flat pins and a round ground or earth pin.

      Type-B-Plug
    • The earth pin is longer than the live and neutral pins.
    • This ensures that the appliance is first grounded before being energized.
    • The placement of the earth pin enforces the polarity of the plug. The live and neutral pins have the same width.
    • Type B sockets can accept Type A plugs
    1. North America, Central America
    2. East Asia, Southeast Asia
    3. Some parts of the Middle East and Africa
    1. NEMA 5-15, NEMA 5-20
    2. JIS C 8303, Class I
    1. 15 A, 125 V: 20 A, 125 V
    2. 15 A, 125 V
    C
    • Also known as Europlug.

      Type-C-Plug
    • Consists of two parallel round pins.
    • It is unpolarized and can be inserted in either direction.
    • Has insulated sleeves.
    • The diameters of the pins range from 0.157 by 0.19 in (4 mm by 4.8 mm) with a 0.75 in (19 mm) center-to-center distance.
    • It fits different types of rounded sockets, such as Types E, F, J, K, and N. There is no distinct type C socket.
    Europe, except UK, Ireland, Cyprus, and Malta CEE 7/16 2.5 A, 250 V
    D
    • Consists of three large round pins arranged in a triangular pattern.
    • One pin is an earth pin that has a larger diameter.
    • The earth pin is usually at the top. The socket is mounted accordingly.
    • Polarized
    • Mostly unfused. Fuses became optional.
    • 2 A and 5 A ratings are available. They have the same appearance but different dimensions.
    • Type D plug standards are mostly derived from British standards, particularly BS 546. BS 546 is an outdated standard but was retained by British colonies.
    1. India
    2. South Africa, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Namibia
    1. IS 1293
    2. SANS 164-3
    1. 6 A, 250 V
    2. 6 A, 250 V
    E
    • The plug consists of two round pins. The pins have a diameter of 0.19 in (4.8 mm) and are spaced by 0.75 in (19 mm).
    • The socket has a round earth pin centered from the socket holes. It is offset by 0.39 in (10 mm).
    • The earth pin is longer, allowing the appliance to be initially grounded before being energized.
    • The plug is polarized. However, the wiring can be arbitrary.
    • Type E sockets can accept type C plugs.
    France, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Slovakia, and Tunisia among others
    1. CEE 7/5 socket
    2. CEE 7/6 plug
    16 A, 250 V
    F
    • Also known as the Schuko plug. Schuko is an abbreviation for Schutzkontakt which means "protection contact".

      Schuko Plug
    • The pins on Type F plugs are like that of Type E plugs.
    • The plug has two extra earth clips on its top and bottom sides that match with another set of clips on the socket. The earth clips make contact before the pins become connected to the supply.
    • Most Type F plugs are not perfectly round.
    • Horns or protruding edges are also added at the right and left sides of the plug; they go into the notches on the socket. This adds stability to the connection.
    • Unpolarized.
    • Type F sockets can accept type C plugs.
    Germany, Austria, Chile, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, and Russia among others
    1. CEE 7/3 socket
    2. CEE 7/4 plug
    1. 16 A, 250 V
    2. 10 A, 250 VDC
    3. 16 A, 250 VAC
    G
    • Type G plugs have three rectangular pins or blades.

      Type-G-Plug
    • The live and neutral pins are oriented horizontally. Their cross-section is 0.157 by 0.25 in (4 mm by 6.35 mm), while their length is 0.7 in (17.7 mm). Their center-to-center distance is 0.87 in (22.2 mm).
    • Above the live and neutral pins is the earth pin, which is oriented vertically. It has a cross-section of 0.157 by 0.31 in (4 mm by 8 mm) and a length of 0.89 in (22.7 mm).
    • The offset of the earth pin is 0.87 in (22.2 mm).
    • The live and neutral pins have insulated sleeves with a length of 0.35 to 0.37 in (9 to 9.5 mm).
    • The presence of an offset earth pin allows the plug to be polarized.
    • Type G plugs have built-in fuses typically rated at 3 and 13 A. Their main function is to protect the flexible cord connecting the plug and appliance. Consequently, it also protects the appliance against overloading.
    • It is possible for type G sockets to accept type C plugs. However, this practice is unsafe and not recommended.
    • The main standard is BS 1363. Several standards have been derived from BS 1363 that follow the same plug and socket specifications. Examples are IS 401 and 411 (Ireland), MS 589 (Malaysia), and SS 145 (Singapore).
    UK, Ireland, Cyprus, Malta, Malaysia, Singapore, and Hong Kong among others BS 1363 13 A, 250 V
    H
    • Consists of three round pins. The pins measure 0.177 in (4.5 mm) in diameter and 0.75 in (19 mm) in length.
    • Originally, the pins were rectangular in shape and are arranged in a Y-shape. The standard was revised in 1989.
    • Unlike the other types having an earth pin above the live and neutral pins, type H earth pins are offset toward the bottom of the socket.
    • The live and neutral pins are spaced 0.75 in (19 mm).
    • The earth pin has an offset of 0.37 in (9.5 mm).
    • This plug is polarized.
    • Type H sockets can accept type C plugs.
    • Some type H sockets have rectangular apertures with a rounded middle to accommodate both the rounded and the phased-out rectangular pins.
    Israel SI 32 16 A, 250 V
    I
    • Composed of three flat pins arranged at 120° angles from a midpoint.
    Type-I-Plug
    • The live and neutral pins are at the top, oriented 30° to the vertical, forming an inverted V-shape.
    • The earth pin is at the bottom, which is oriented vertically.
    • The live and neutral pins have a cross-section of 0.25 in by 0.06 in (6.35 mm by 1.6 mm). Their length is 0.68 in (17.35 mm).
    • The earth pin has the same cross-section as that of the live and neutral pins. Its length is 0.78 in (20 mm).
    • Type I sockets always have an earth contact, while some type I plugs do not have an earth pin.
    • Plugs without an earth pin are only used in double-insulated appliances. These are limited to 7.5 A.
    • In Australia and New Zealand, different current ratings exist. Any plug can be inserted into a socket having the same or a higher rating.
    • Inserting a plug into a socket with a lower rating is prevented by varying the dimensions of the pins.
    • The Chinese and Argentinian type I plugs have slightly different dimensions than Australian and New Zealand plugs.
    1. Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea
    2. Argentina
    3. China
    1. AS/NZS 3112
    2. IRAM 2073
    3. GB 1002 and GB 2009.1
    1. 10 A, 250 V
    2. 15 A, 250 V
    3. 20 A, 250 V
    4. 25 A, 250 V
    5. 32 A, 250 V
    J
    • Standardized by the hierarchical Swiss system of plugs and sockets, SEV 1011.
    • Type J plugs are Type 12, while the sockets are Type 13.
    • There are other types on the SEV 1011 1X and 2X series, but they are not necessarily Type J.
    • Type J plugs are composed of three pins. Each has a 0.157 in (4 mm) diameter and 0.75 in (19 mm) length.
    • The live and neutral pins have a center-to-center distance of 0.75 in (19 mm).
    • The earth pin is located around the middle with an offset of 0.2 in (5 mm).
    • This plug is polarized.
    • The pins have 0.39 in (10 mm) insulated sleeves.
    • Type J sockets can accept type C plugs.
    1. Switzerland
    2. Liechtenstein
    1. SEV 1011
    2. Type 12 plug and Type 13 socket
    10 A, 250 V
    K
    • Composed of two current-conducting pins and a U-shaped earth pin.

      Type-K-Plug
    • The live and neutral pins are 0.189 in (4.8 mm) in diameter, 0.75 in (19 mm) in length, and 0.75 in (19 mm) apart.
    • The earth pin is 0.55 in (14 mm) in diameter.
    • This plug is polarized.
    • Type K sockets can accept type C plugs.
    Denmark, Greenland 107-2-D1 13 A, 250 V
    L
    • Composed of three round pins arranged in a straight line.
    • The earth pin is located at the center.
    • These plugs have two varieties, 10 A and 16 A.
    • The 10 A variant has 0.157 in (4 mm) round pins spaced 0.37 in (9.5 mm) apart.
    • The 16 A has 0.2 in (5 mm) round pins spaced 0.51 in (13 mm) apart.
    • Both variants are unpolarized.
    • Type L 10 A sockets can accept type C plugs.
    Italy CEI 23-50
    1. 10 A, 250 V
    2. 16 A, 250 V
    M
    • Like that of type D plugs, but the pins have a much larger diameter.
    • Its specifications are also derived from BS 546.
    • The live and neutral pins are 0.28 in (7.1 mm) in diameter, 0.73 in (18.65 mm) long, and spaced 1 in (25.4 mm) apart.
    • The earth pin is 0.34 in (8.7 mm) in diameter and 1.13 in (28.6 mm) long.
    • Insulated sleeves are present in the design.
    • The offset allows the plug to be polarized.
    South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho SANS 164-1 16 A, 250 V
    N
    • Composed of three round pins.
    • The earth is the center pin which is offset by 0.118 in (3 mm).
    • The live and neutral pins vary depending on the current rating of the plug.
    • Type N 10 A plugs have pins with 0.157 in (4 mm) diameters.
    • 20 A plugs have pins with a 0.177 in (4.5 mm) diameter.
    • The live and round pins are spaced 0.75 in (19 mm) apart.
    • The design features pins with insulated sleeves.
    • The type N plug and socket were originally designed according to the IEC 60906-1 standard but are not fully compliant.
    • Type N sockets can accept type C plugs.
    Brazil NBR 14136
    1. 10 A, 250 V
    2. 20 A, 250 V
    O
    • Consists of a live, neutral, and earth pin.
    • The pins are 0.18 in (4.8 mm) in diameter.
    • The current-carrying pins are 0.75 in (19 mm) in length with 0.4 in (10 mm) insulated sleeves.
    • The earth pin is 0.8 in (21.4 mm) in length.
    • This type of plug is used exclusively in Thailand.
    • Its standard is relatively new. The intention is that type O plugs gradually replace American plugs.
    • Currently, hybrid versions of the sockets are being used; they can accept types A, B, C, and O plugs.
    Thailand TIS 166-2549 16 A, 250 V

    Conclusion

    • A power cord is an electrical component used for connecting appliances to an electrical utility or power supply. It is made from an insulated electrical cable with one or both ends molded with connectors.
    • A cord set is composed of a plug, a power cable, and a connector. It is used for connecting an electrical appliance to the electrical utility or power supply.
    • An interconnection cord set is an assembly consisting of a male and female connector. It is intended for connecting two electrical appliances.
    • IEC 320, or IEC 60320, is the standard used in specifying the dimensions and features of appliance couplers. Common IEC 320 couplers are C1/C2, C5/C6, C13/C14, and C15/C16.
    • Plugs and sockets can have different configurations based on local regulations. Governing electrical standards are sometimes different in each region, especially when it comes to specific electrical parts. IEC created a general standard that designates a grouping of world plug types based on similar characteristics, such as the number of pins, dimensions, safety features, and so on.

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      Table of Contents

      Chapter 1: What is a Power Cord?

      Chapter 2: Power Cord Terminologies

      Chapter 3: How Do Power Cords Work?

      Chapter 4: Power Cord Couplers

      Chapter 5: Power Cord Plugs

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