This article will take an in-depth look at quick disconnect couplings and their function.
The article will bring more detail on topics such as:
This chapter will discuss what a coupling is and its purpose in industries.
Quick disconnect couplings are fittings used to provide air and fluid lines’ connection and disconnection easily and fast. They are sometimes known as quick release or quick connect couplings. These quick disconnect couplings are used in place of fitting connections which would typically need tools to be assembled or disassembled.
Couplings serve one primary purpose: to join two pieces of rotating equipment together, while permitting some degree of end movement or misalignment or both.
Couplings are used in machinery or lines for different purposes. The primary function of a coupling is to transfer power from one end to the other. Other common uses of couplings are listed below:
The different classes of the purpose of couplings will be discussed below.
This is the primary purpose that is served by couplings in most cases, to transmit power and torque between two connected components or between fluid lines.
A coupling can smooth out the shocks and vibrations between the two components it joins. This feature is available to reduce wear on the components and improve the service lifespan of the setup.
There can be misalignments between joined components resulting from errors in the initial mounting or errors that may develop over time due to other reasons. Most couplings can accommodate a certain degree of misalignment between the joined components. The misalignments can be angular, axial, or parallel.
A coupling can function as an interruption of the flow of heat between the two connected components. If there is a heat up of the prime mover during the operation, the machinery on the side of the drive is given heat protection.
There are two main classes of couplings i.e. rigid and flexible couplings. These will be discussed below.
These types of couplings are used for joined components with no misalignment. These types of couplings are not able to absorb any misalignment, and therefore the joined components to be connected by a rigid coupling must have a lateral and angular alignment that is good. Comparing rigid couplings with flexible couplings, the applications of rigid couplings are limited.
Rigid couplings do not have the ability to compensate for the misalignment of the joined components and therefore serve in setups in which there is already a precise lateral and angular alignment of the shafts. If there is any misalignment between the joined components, it will only create high stresses and support bearing loads. Applications that involve vertical drivers are the best suited for rigid couplings.
These types of couplings are most commonly used to transmit driving torque between the equipment’s primer mover and a rotating element. Although they are designed to accommodate misalignment, normally the use of a flexible coupling to compensate for the misalignment of the equipment’s rotating element and driver is not recommended.
The flexible coupling serves the purpose of compensating for the changes in temperature in the joined components and couplings. It permits axial movement of the shafts without interference from each other while there is a transmission of power from the driver to the equipment’s rotating element.
There are two disciplines for the flexible couplings applications which are: the miniature discipline that covers office machine couplings, servomechanisms couplings, instrumentation couplings and light machinery couplings etc. and the industrial discipline that covers couplings used in the petrochemical industry, steel industry, off-road vehicles, utilities, and heavy machinery, etc.
This section will discuss fittings, quick connect couplings, and quick disconnect fittings.
A fitting is an adapter that is attached to the ends of pipes, to control the flow, change the direction of flow, and change the diameter of the pipe.
The different types of fittings include:
These are used for changing the end of a non-threaded pipe to female or male threads as required. They are most often used in plastic and copper plumbing jobs
They are used for closing the end of a dead-end pipe. They are welded or fit onto a pipe end. Thus, they provide a gas or liquid tight seal. They are available in carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and malleable iron.
These make use of compression fittings. Common fittings include couplings, tees, and ells.
These are used for the joining of two straight pieces of pipe having the same diameter. They can also be used to attach a pipe onto another device. Half couplings are used and fit on one pipe piece while the other coupling side is used as a branch connection joining the same or bigger sized pipe. Full couplings generally join two pipe pieces. The couplings can be found in the form of malleable iron, aluminum, carbon steel, and stainless steel.
These types of fittings are utilized for changing the direction or angle of the pipe run. Most commonly in 45 degrees and 90 degrees turns. How fast a transition or change in direction is made is described by the sweep of the fitting.
They are used for making the diameter of a pipe fitting smaller. They are not the same as reducers because they make a change in diameter that is abrupt and take little space. The hex bushings reduce the female thread size diameter from a bigger size to a smaller one. They are threaded fittings with female threads on the inside. The outside of the hex bushings has male threads. The fitting is tightened into the opening using a hex head.
These are short lengths of pipe with threads at both ends. Each end of the nipples have male threads which enable them to connect to more fittings. Whenever the length of a pipe nipple is stated it incorporates the threads.
These are used for closing an ending on a pipe fitting that is normally used for cleanout or inspection. The plugs close off a pneumatic or hydraulic system when it is fit into a pipe fitting that is threaded. Unlike caps which fit outside, plugs fit inside. Plugs are typically used on systems that need maintenance. As an example some systems may need gases and fluids to be drained. They are available in forged steel, malleable iron or stainless steel that is either forged or cast.
These are available in a wide range of configurations and may be glued or threaded.
These are used to join pipes having different diameters. They make a gradual change in diameter. of the pipe from a bigger to a smaller bore. The change in pipe size enables the pipe to meet the flow requirements or in some instances to adapt to the existing pipes. The average diameter of the bigger and smaller pipes is typically equivalent to the reduction length. Eccentric reducers are typically used to keep the bottom of the pipe level or the top of the pipe level. However, reducers are mostly found in the concentric type.
One end of the pipe fitting has female threads and the other and has male threads. These are most common in pipes made from galvanized steel and copper. They do away with the need for a nipple and work very well in tight quarters, therefore they are convenient.
These are fittings that are shaped like the letter T. They allow for branch lines. and typically have two outlets that are 90° to the mainline connection. They are commonly used as pipe fittings and are made of different materials which can be:
These types of fittings are used for joining pieces of pipes where pipes can’t be turned or when there must be a removal of a piece of equipment for maintenance or replacement. The pipe unions are made up of three sections, namely, a male end, a female end and a nut. The pressure to seal the joint is provided by the nut. Consequently, the female and male ends come together. When unions are used, a fitting can be dismantled without the pipe being disturbed.
These are devices that are used for controlling the flow of gas or liquid through or from a pipe. Valves regulate the gas and fluid flow and direct and control it. This is accomplished by partially opening, opening, and closing of the valve. Different valves have different purposes and are made from a variety of materials in the industries.
They are general purpose couplings that can be connected at either end of the connection. Quick couplings can be connected and disconnected with great ease because they are compact but very robust and sturdy in their application. These types of couplings are highly reliable since they are able to provide unswerving service in transferring fluid for hydraulic, pneumatic, and vacuum systems.
The couplings on the side of the flow consist of a floating ball valve that automatically closes when the couplings are disconnected. This prevents the spillage of fluid from the system. Their design is generally according to the maximum working pressure. Quick couplings can be made from brass, steel, or stainless steel, depending on the type of fluid and application. The major fluids that are applicable are oil and water.
Quick couplings can become sluggish after a long period of use and might pick up rust because of the nature of the fluid that is transferred. Hence when they are removed from the pressurized system, great care must be taken.
There are different types of quick couplings which include:
This type of double end shut off coupling is typically used in applications with high pressure such as water, hydraulic and compressed air systems. Special annealed steel is used in the making of such couplings to provide higher reliability and strength. When disconnected, the inner valve closes both the plugs and the sockets. Their normal working pressure is typically 210 bars and the maximum working pressure is typically 215 bars.
The double end shut off coupling can shut off the plug and the socket simultaneously and instantaneously upon disconnection. They can be made of steel, stainless steel, or brass at different pressure ranges, sizes, and fluid applications. They are typically used in applications with standard pressure and a working pressure of up to 100 bars. The normal working pressure would typically be 20 bars, while the maximum working pressure is 100 bars.
This type of double end shut off coupling is only used on high-pressure hydraulic oil. They are made with a ring lock device that safeguards against vibration and shock. This type of double end shut off coupling is highly reliable against leakages. Their normal working pressure is typically 700 bars and the maximum working pressure is typically 2500 bars.
The line couplings are used to connect numerous couplings in a line at the same time. They are typically used in cylinder heads’ hydraulic couplings in the main engine.
This type of coupling only shuts off one coupling side, typically the socket side. This is the male part and fluid leakage can be prevented. Single end shut off couplings are low pressure couplings which are typically used for water, oil, and air with pressures that can go as high as 20 bars. They are made with a ball float which when disconnected can snap shut the flow. Depending on the application, single end shut off couplings can be found in various sizes. The single end shut off couplings types can be:
These types of couplings are used to provide easy and fast connection and disconnection of fluid lines. They are often referred to as QCDC i.e quick connect disconnect. These fittings are also called quick connects or quick release couplings. Typically, the operation of these couplings is done by hand. They are often used to replace fitting connections that require tools to assemble and disassemble.
There are many quick disconnect fittings types and they are found in all industries. Quick disconnects greatly increase the end user’s experience by simplifying connections or disconnections and preventing fluid from leaking out of the system. These fittings often have higher pressure drops than simpler fittings because of the number of components in the waterway.
The various types of quick disconnects include:
This is also known as the ball-latching quick connect and is the most used. They have a ball-latching mechanism that is spring loaded, which automatically locks the two halves when pushed together. Once the releasing sleeve is pulled back, the inner and outer ends disengage instantly. They are mainly used in applications that need frequent connections and disconnects due to the easy to use quick-release feature.
The dry break quick disconnects are typically used when the sealing level has to be better than that of double end shut off couplings. Before disconnection, dry break quick disconnects ensure that shut off valves are fully closed in the internal and external ends. They are also known as no-spill disconnects and have a dead volume that prevents escape of trapped fluids.
The non-latching quick disconnects are used when there is a need for quick service in a compact enveloped area. This includes when:
The non-latching quick disconnects automatically contain the fluid when disconnected since they have self-sealing valves.
These are a special type of disconnect couplings designed for working with air and in particular for the facilitation of connections between air compressors and pneumatic tools. Air quick couplings have a good quality, but because of the smaller threat posed by air spillage, if any, the seals used by these types of couplings are not as tight or as quick as the ones used by other couplings.
These types of couplings hold flow lines together using balls. When a button is pushed by an operator, the balls, which are distributed on both or either of the male or female bodies, draw in and connect the two halves. Just after the balls are in place, the operator is allowed to release the button and the two halves lock in the connected position.
These couplings are customarily used when hazardous materials are transferred; because they do not close during normal operation but close quickly when they face excessive force, they minimize the loss of product and safety hazards.
These are also called cam and groove hose couplings. They are most often used with petroleum and chemical flow lines. They feature a male adaptor and a male coupler. The adaptor and the coupler connect via the coupler cam arms and the grooves of the adapter. They create a strong gasket seal together.
These types of couplings make use of two seals for the isolation of liquid on both sides, trapping an amount of fluid that is negligible, between the valves. They also eliminate the stage of draining or collecting the lines of the product spilled before the coupling’s disconnection.
These types of disconnect couplings have a mechanical internal lock that is equipped with a device that is a variation, which prevents accidental openings and releases. When you want to release the coupler from the pipe or hose, close and seal off the valves with identical discs in the female and male halves. They offer connections that are drip-free where hazardous materials are handled.
These are a specialized type of disconnect coupling. They are designed for the efficient connection and disconnection of fluid lines in systems of hydraulics while maintaining the pressure of the fluid and not introducing air.
These types of disconnects are the simplest and cheapest type. They are used for connecting the male and female with the ball-bearing sleeve lock’s assistance.
These types of quick disconnects work very well with applications that permit only minor spillage, closing off the liquid supply by means of a single seal.
These types of couplings do not allow any loss of fluid and do not allow air to enter into a poppet valve system.
These types of couplings are utilized to make sure that there is minimum spillage in chemical applications that are hazardous. They place seals flush to the ends of the female and male halves that are exposed, to keep space for potential dirt and bacteria.
Other couplings that have capabilities of quick couplings include:
Bellows couplings have twin coupling ends called hubs. Bellows couplings are popular due to their remarkable torsional rigidity for the accurate transmission of velocity, torque, and angular position. Their slight flexibility functions to address amounts of angular, axial, and parallel misalignment that is limited between the shafts or other joined components.
These couplings are typically made out of a stainless steel tube that is hydroformed for creating deep corrugations. Such hydroformed bellows start as a stainless steel sheet or any other metal. This sheet is drawn into a tube, and the tube is then pressurized from within against a ribbed die for the formation of a corrugated shape. Then the end hubs are welded in some manner to these coupling bellows.
Bush couplings are primarily used as flexible links in applications that require reliable link transfer under severe operating conditions. Bush couplings are composed of two hubs constructed from different materials and fitted with pins where the attachment of rubber bushes is done.
These types of coupling are very flexible and reliable and for this reason, they are mostly used in hoisting applications. The coupling bolts are called pins. On top of the pins, rubber or leather bushes are used. Also the construction of the two parts of the coupling is different. Between the faces of the coupling’s two halves, a 5mm clearance remains. There is also no rigid connection between them, and the drive is leather bushes or through compressed rubber.
A beam coupling has a flexible material made by removing material along its length in a helical pattern. As with all couplings, a beam coupling serves to transmit torque between two shafts. But unlike how rigid couplings work, beam couplings are able to accommodate angular misalignment, axial motion, and parallel offset of one shaft relative to another. Beam couplings have one piece construction that prevents the backlash that is usually encountered by couplings that are constructed from multiple parts. This is how they differ from other types of couplings. Beam couplings are available in a variety of materials that include acetal and titanium with aluminum and stainless steel being the two most common. On the other hand, stainless steel, while offering greater strength and torsional stiffness, has a mass that is greater and thus its level of responsiveness is not the same.
This type of coupling consists of at least one metallic membrane which is attached at the diameter of the outside of the drive flange and transfers torque in a radial manner through the diaphragm to an inside diameter attachment.
Disk coupling is the other type of metallic membrane coupling. In diaphragm coupling, a single or a series of plates or diaphragms are utilized for the flexible members. It transmits torque from a flexible plate’s outside diameter to the inside diameter across the spool or spacer piece and vice versa. Diaphragm couplings allow for parallel, angular, and high axial misalignments. They also allow for high torque, used in applications that require high speed.
This type of coupling serves to transmit torque from a driving to a driven bolt or shaft on a common bolt circle and tangentially. Through a series of thin, stainless steel discs assembled in a pack, the torque is transmitted between the bolts. If the material between the bolts is deformed, the misalignment is accomplished.
This type of coupling is designed to be the element that transmits the torque while accommodating the shaft’s misalignment. It is designed to be flexible but remains strong tensional under high torque loads. Typically, disc couplings are able to handle speeds up to 10,000 r/min.
There are two disc coupling variations: single disc style couplings and double disc style couplings. Single disc style couplings consist of two hubs and one, flat, stainless steel disc spring. Double disc style couplings also consist of two hubs, but have a center spacer added, which sandwich two-disc springs. The center spacer can be made from the material used for making the hubs, but is sometimes found in insulating acetal, which makes the coupling electrically isolating.
These couplings drive couplings between the rotating shafts that consist of flanges. At the end of each shaft, one flange is fixed; through a ring of bolts the two flanges are bolted together to complete the drive. The flange coupling seals in two tubes together. In this two piece coupling unit, a receiving side that is keyed to be fastened to the flanged end is present, so it may be connected to the flanged tube end that is opposing.
Each flange either has a female or male coupler opening so when the two ends are brought together, they align without any resistance or drag in the material passing through them.
Flange couplings are utilized in pressurized piping systems, where two pipe or tubing ends must come together. Flange couplings typically form strong connections. The use of high thread count nut and bolt connections are employed for securing the flange couplings in place. These bolts and nuts are usually made out of tempered steel or alloys to bring enduring strength and the ability to be tightened strongly to ensure that the flanged junction of the piping system does not leak. The number of bolt assemblies utilized by most flange couplings is four, six, or up to twelve bolt assemblies.
These types of couplings are designed for the transmission of torque between two shafts that are not collinear. They are typically composed of two flexible joints, one fixed to each shaft. The joints are connected by means of a spindle, or third shaft. The gear coupling’s purpose is to connect the drive motor to the gearbox in hoist mechanisms. But it can also serve to connect the gearbox to smaller wire rope drums directly, through a flanged half.
In terms of their design, gear couplings serve the purpose of transmitting torque via hubs with crowned gear teeth that are in permanent mesh with the sleeves’ straight gear teeth. This is a design for the production of the highest torque transmission for the smallest size. They also run at very high speeds and conform to the AGMA bolting pattern. They also compensate for radial, angular and axial shaft misalignment.
Grid couplings, such as disc and gear couplings, are designed for applications that require a high torque density. These types of couplings consist of two shaft hubs, a horizontally split cover kit, and a serpentine grid. Grid couplings are perfect suits for shock loading applications.
The transmission of torque between the two shaft hubs is done through the grid element, and the shock-absorbing grid will dissipate shock loading applications. This will minimize the shock on the connected equipment. By having proper installation, lubrication, and maintenance, years of reliable service for operation can be delivered.
Grid couplings are versatile and are composed of interchangeable components. These components are readily available from several major manufacturers of couplings. Grid couplings exhibit a high power density and are relatively simple and straightforward to install. They are also resistant to environmental conditions and are available for both inch and metric bores.
The jaw couplings are typically utilized in motion control applications. They are designed to transmit torque while damping system vibrations and accommodating misalignment, which prevents damaging other components.
Jaw couplings consist of three parts which are two metallic hubs and an elastomer insert known as an element but commonly called a spider. With a jaw from each hub alternatively fitted with lobes of the spider, the three parts press fit together. The transmission of jaw coupling torque occurs through the elastomer lobes in compression.
These types of couplings are composed of three pieces, with two pieces being lightweight corrosion-resistant stainless steel or aluminum hubs and one piece being a center disk. Oldham couplings are typically applied in servo-driven mechanisms which need low inertia and precise motion control.
The Oldham coupling is a flexible coupling that is designed for applications that must be free from backlash. They consist of three discs. To either side of the drive, two of the discs are connected, while the third made out of one of several different plastics, is sandwiched in between by means of a tongue and groove design. The tongues and grooves on both sides are perpendicular to each other.
To reduce the coupling’s backlash, springs are often used. During operation, the center disk slides on the tongues or tenons of each bulb for transmitting torque. While a small amount of angular and axial misalignment is accommodated by the couplings, they are especially useful in applications that involve parallel misalignment.
The Oldham couplings have electrical isolation potential because of their plastic center disk. The couplings can also serve as a sort of fuse for a machine. If the torque limits are exceeded, breaking of the center disc of the coupling will occur to prevent the transmission of torque and potential damage to more costly machine components.
This type of coupling is a mechanical device that consists of a double-strand roller chain and two modified sprockets. The design of this type of coupling is simple and effective, despite its small size, and consists of a chain that is robust and specially cut, hardened-tooth sprockets that permit the transmission of a high amount of torque.
Roller chain couplings are compact and flexible. Due to the design of these types of couplings, there is a distribution of the torque throughout the roller chain and sprocket teeth such that an even amount of torque is distributed throughout the coupler during motion. Roller chain coupling has no requirement of absolute shaft alignment to make the coupling to function. However, having the shafts totally aligned is highly recommended if possible.
These types of couplings are also called quick-connect couplers. They are general purpose couplings that can be connected at either end of the connection. Quick couplings can be connected and disconnected with great ease because they are compact but very robust and sturdy in their application. These types of couplings are highly reliable since they are able to provide unswerving service in transferring fluid for hydraulic, pneumatic, and vacuum systems.
The couplings on the side of the flow consist of a floating ball valve that automatically closes when the couplings are disconnected. This prevents the spillage of fluid from the system. Their design is generally according to the maximum working pressure. Quick couplings can be made from brass, steel, or stainless steel, depending on the type of fluid and application. The major fluids that are applicable are oil and water.
Quick couplings can become sluggish after a long period of use and might pick up rust because of the nature of the fluid that is transferred. Hence when they are removed from the pressurized system, great care must be taken.
Sleeve or muff couplings are basic types of couplings. It consists of a pipe whose bore is finished to the tolerance that is required based on the size of the shaft. A keyway is made in the bore, based on the usage of the coupling. This keyway is made for transmitting the torque using the key.
In order to lock the coupling in position, two threaded holes are provided. The other name for sleeve couplings is box couplings. In this case, the ends of the shafts are coupled and abutted against another which are enveloped by sleeve or muff. The two shafts and the sleeve are held together by gib head sunk keys.
Sleeve coupling is used to transmit light to medium torques and is the simplest type of shaft coupling. It consists of a thick cylindrical tube that is hollow. The tube is called a sleeve or a muff and its inner diameter is the same as the shaft. The torque is transmitted across the shafts by the sleeve.
This type of coupling is also known as compression or clamp coupling. It falls under rigid couplings. The sleeve is made up of two halves in this type of coupling. The material used to make the halves of the muff is cast iron. The two halves of the sleeve are clamped together using bolts and nuts, or mild steel studs.
One half of the muff is fixed below and the other half of the muff is fixed above. The number of bolts used to clamp the two halves of the sleeve can be four or eight. The recesses formed in the sleeve halves are where the bolts are placed. This coupling has the advantage that no changes must be made to the position of the shaft for disassembling or assembling the coupling. For heavy duty and moderate speeds, this coupling may be used.
These types of couplings are torsional soft. They have a flexible body that tolerates misalignment and protects other transmission system components. Tyre or tire couplings have a high flexibility and are free of torsional backlash. Tyre couplings are typically used by non-uniform torque machines because they have low torsional stiffness and damping.
Tyre couplings suit applications in which machines with high shaft misalignment must be connected. The elastic tire can be slipped over simply, over the hub parts. A clamping ring is used to hold the fitting in place.
The connection transmits the torque through frictional engagement. There are designs of standard tire coupling types that are designed as shaft to shaft connections. Types that are related to applications can be implemented on request. Tyres made out of natural rubber or chloroprene rubber can be fitted with couplings.
The ambient temperatures for natural rubber made tyres are -50 degrees Celsius to +50 degrees Celsius and for chloroprene rubber made tyres are -15 degrees Celsius to +70 degrees Celsius. The tire made from chloroprene rubber is marked FRAS (fire-resistant and antistatic). These types of couplings reduce the transmission of vibration or shock loads.
These types of couplings are used to connect two components whose axes intersect at a small angle. There may be a constant bending of the two components, but in actual fact, it changes when there is a transfer of momentum from one component to the other.
Universal couplings are mainly used in transmission from the gearbox to automobiles differential or back axle. In such a case, a coupling of two hooks is used. The gearbox is connected at one end and the differential is connected at the other end at each end of the propeller shaft. The use of a coupling hook is also made to transmit electricity to various drilling machines’ spindles. In a milling machine, it is utilized as a knee joint.
There are different types of quick couplings which include:
The double end shut off coupling can shut off the plug and the socket simultaneously and instantaneously upon disconnection. They can be made of steel, stainless steel, or brass at different pressure ranges, sizes, and fluid applications. They are typically used in applications with standard pressure and a working pressure of up to 100 bars. The normal working pressure would typically be 20 bars, while the maximum working pressure is 100 bars.
This type of double end shut off coupling is typically used in applications with high pressure such as water, hydraulic and compressed air systems. Special annealed steel is used in the making of such couplings to provide higher reliability and strength. When disconnected, the inner valve closes both the plugs and the sockets. Their normal working pressure is typically 210 bars and the maximum working pressure is typically 215 bars.
This type of double end shut off coupling is only used on high-pressure hydraulic oil. They are made with a ring lock device that safeguards against vibration and shock. This type of double end shut off coupling is highly reliable against leakages. Their normal working pressure is typically 700 bars and the maximum working pressure is typically 2500 bars.
The line couplings are used to connect numerous couplings in a line at the same time. They are typically used in cylinder heads’ hydraulic couplings in the main engine.
This type of coupling only shuts off one coupling side, typically the socket side. This is the male part and fluid leakage can be prevented. Single end shut off couplings are low pressure couplings which are typically used for water, oil, and air with pressures that can go as high as 20 bars. They are made with a ball float which when disconnected can snap shut the flow.
Depending on the application, single end shut off couplings can be found in various sizes. The single end shut off couplings types can be:
This chapter will discuss the various applications and benefits of quick couplings.
The applications of quick couplings include:
The various benefits of some of the quick couplings discussed in the preceding sections include:
These benefits can be categorized into the following category of benefits which include:
Quick disconnects are typically built with non-spillage technology, improving performance while reducing media spillage. Thus, the system can be protected from fumes and chemicals.
Inclusion is the entering of air into the system as the coupling is disconnected. Typically, most couplings have 2ml inclusion that is permitted when the coupling is disconnected and reconnected.
The quick couplings are designed to make fast and easy connections and disconnection. Equipment downtime can be minimized.
Quick disconnects can be designed to eliminate accidental disconnections and allow optimal and safe operation of equipment.
Quick disconnect couplings are fittings used to provide air and fluid lines’ connection and disconnection easily and fast. They are sometimes known as quick release or quick connect couplings. These quick disconnect couplings are used in place of fitting connections which would typically need tools to be assembled or disassembled. Therefore when choosing a coupling for a certain application, consider the coupling capabilities and the type of material that it is made of.
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