Dynometers are machines that measure the power of an engine by determining its torque and rotations per minute. Also called dynos or dynomometers, these machines are used extensively in automotive applications. Most dynos are constructed of basic components including a frame, engine mounts, an absorption unit, a heat exchanger and a torque measuring device. Some styles require water or oil for proper resistance and absorption.
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Dynometers test an engine by allowing it to run for long intervals at high speed without actually moving the vehicle. Modern dynometers are controlled by a computer and produce graphs that chart the engine's capabilities and output at selected speeds. Horsepower and other measurements are sent to digital or analog gauges to provide readings for the torque capacity, the maximum rotary speed and the maximum power absorption. Dynometers usually also have features that provide motor power or engine exhaust analysis or sensors that measure reaction time and flow control. Besides gauges, other interface options include an integral control console, a computer, modem or remote control. Typical applications for dynometers include the testing of chain or belt drives, gearboxes, fluid power systems, gas or diesel systems, transmissions, turbines in air and watercraft and in industrial processes.
There are two main kinds of dynometers: chassis and engine. Chassis dynamometers measure torque through the wheels of a vehicle by running them on large metal cylinder rollers. The vehicle is strapped in and connected to a computer that will start the ignition on command. As the engine runs, the vehicle can be revved through the full rotation per minute (RPM) range. The wheels turn and the computer uses the speed of the spinning rollers and the weight of the cylinders to measure and analyze to determine the output of the engine. The horsepower measured by a dynometer of this kind is often 15% to 20% lower than results from an engine dyno because of the frictional and mechanical losses as the power travels from the engine and through various parts of the drivetrain. Engine dynometers are more accurate because they measure the direct output of the engine. These dynos measure torque from the crankshaft or flywheel of an engine that has been removed from the chassis. The testing mechanism is connected and may use hydraulic fluid or water to provide resistance to the spinning force of the engine. This kind of dynometer needs to be able to withstand high frequency vibrations while producing repeatable and accurate results.