Ultrasonic transducers are used in cleaning systems to produce high frequency sound waves that scrub the surface of many materials through the creation and collapse of many tiny bubbles. Electrically signaled ultrasonic frequencies travel through liquid, stretching and compressing the cleaning solution until the molecules can not be stretched any further. The liquid breaks apart, creating innumerable bubbles that form under negative pressure. The size of these bubbles increases until equilibrium is reached and the bubbles are rapidly compressed. Millions of tiny powerful microbursts from the collapsing bubbles perform a scrubbing action that cleans every surface of the item.
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Ultrasonic cleaners have replaced the traditional cleaning method of manual scrubbing with harsh and toxic solvents because they are able to clean more thoroughly in less time and with decreased labor costs. They are made to gently clean delicate objects or to aggressively remove grease and dirt from tough products. Ultrasonic transducers are responsible for enabling the entire process. The size and power of ultrasonic transducers varies; certain industrial ultrasonic transducers can reach 20 to 40 kHZ which is too powerful for portable cleaning systems like at-home battery powered jewelry cleaners. Ultrasonic transducers and cleaning equipment are used in a wide range of applications including the automotive, pharmaceutical, medical, beverage, electronics, marine, sports equipment and weapons industries.
Transducers are one of three main components of ultrasonic cleaning systems and can be mounted on the bottom or the largest side of the tank to allow the highest distribution of sonic energy throughout the cleaning system. The other main parts are the ultrasonic tank and the generator. There are two main types of ultrasonic transducers used today: piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers. Each is equally effective and yield similar results but use dramatically different methods. The piezoelectric transducer is composed of a lead zirconate crystal that is placed in between two tin strips. The voltage applied to the strips from the generator creates displacement in the crystal, which causes a pressure wave. The wave is transmitted through the tank, causing high frequency vibrations. This method is inexpensive and efficient but it does not last long in heavy-use situations because the crystal depolarizes itself. Magnetostrictive transducers contain nickel laminations which form a stack and are tightly connected with an electrical coil. As the current from the generator flows through the transducer, the coil creates a magnetic field with an alternating current, and the nickel stack vibrates, causing cavitation. This method is used more in industrial applications since it is stronger, more durable and longer lasting than the piezoelectric transducer. However, it is not as efficient.