Gas assist injection molding is a low-pressure process in which inert gas, such as nitrogen, is forced into the melt while it is entering the mold, packing the plastic into the cavities. This process is used to either create hollow channels within plastic parts or to consolidate the part for applications such as automotive parts, computer enclosures, consumer appliances, office equipment panels and medical components.
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A fairly recent technology, gas assist injection molding has been around for about two decades, although it has only become widely used in the past few years. Originally developed to overcome the limitations of conventional molding processes, gas assist injection molding has already helped such industries as medical and automotive expand their product capabilities. Gas assist injection molding is used to mold plastics, typically thermoplastics, including polypropylene, polycarbonate, ABS, HIPS and nylon. Some advantages of gas assist injection molding include material savings and reduced cycle times, while some disadvantages include the high cost of tooling and the extra care that must be taken when designing parts.
Although there are many types of gas assist injection molding, they all fall into two main categories: internal gas injection and external gas injection. The more common of the two processes, internal gas injection involves injecting the inert gas directly into the cavity of the component and thus creating hollow channels. Internal gas injection eliminates sink marks and offers improved dimensional stability as well as less wear on molds. External gas injection involves injecting the inert gas within the mold cavity, but on the outside surface of the part creating consolidation. External gas injection allows for improved dimensional stability and the elimination of sink marks as well, but also provides expanded design capabilities such as flat polyethylene and polypropylene components that would not be possible through any other molding processes. Some of the additional types of gas assist injection molding include short-shot molding and full-shot molding. In short-shot molding, the cavity is pre-filled with plastic melt, which is then followed by the injection of the gas. In full-shot molding, only after the cavity is completely filled with plastic melt is the gas injected into the cavity.