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Industrial Centrifuge Industrial centrifuges are used primarily to separate, purify, extract, and wash various materials and solutions in industrial settings. Centrifuge baskets spin at high speeds, creating centrifugal force that separates materials based on their density. Centrifuges are used in many different industrial applications. Industrial centrifuges are commonly used in manufacturing as well as at water treatment plants and power plants. Water treatment plants use centrifuges to clean wastewater, while power plants use them to purify fuel and lubricants and to clean metal parts. Industrial centrifuges can also be used in dairy plants in order to churn butter and to separate the whey when making cheese. The most commonly used design for industrial centrifuges is the basket centrifuge, which works like the spin cycle of a washing machine, although the industrial centrifuges used in water treatment plants are often continuous centrifuges. Continuous centrifuges spin constantly, or appear to do so, through a series of closely connected cycles. Centrifuge From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A centrifuge is a piece of equipment, generally driven by a motor, that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying a force perpendicular to the axis. The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration is used to separate substances of greater and lesser density. There are many different kinds of centrifuges, including those for very specialised purposes. It can be used for viable counts, when shaking the culture e.g. yeast, out of suspension. Theory Protocols for centrifugation typically specify the amount of acceleration to be applied to the sample, rather than specifying a rotational speed such as revolutions per minute. The acceleration is often quoted in multiples of g, the standard acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's surface. This distinction is important because two rotors with different diameters running at the same rotational speed will subject samples to different accelerations. The acceleration can be calculated as the product of the radius and the square of the angular velocity. Types and uses There are basically four types of centrifuge: • Tabletop/clinical/desktop centrifuge or microcentrifuge • High-speed centrifuge • Cooling centrifuge • Ultracentrifuge Laboratory centrifuge Simple centrifuges are used in chemistry, biology, and biochemistry for isolating and separating suspensions. They vary widely in speed and capacity. They usually comprise a rotor containing two, four, six, or many more numbered wells within which the samples containing centrifuge tips may be placed. Isotope separation Other centrifuges, the first being the Zippe-type centrifuge, separate isotopes, and these kinds of centrifuges are in use in nuclear power and nuclear weapon programs. Gas centrifuges are used in uranium enrichment. The heavier isotope of uranium (uranium-238) in the uranium hexafluoride gas tend to concentrate at the walls of the centrifuge as it spins, while the desired uranium-235 isotope is extracted and concentrated with a scoop selectively placed inside the centrifuge. It takes many thousands of centrifuges to enrich uranium enough for use in a nuclear reactor (around 3.5% enrichment), and many thousands more to enrich it to atomic bomb-grade (around 90% enrichment). Aeronautics and astronautics Human Centrifuges are exceptionally large centrifuges that test the reactions and tolerance of pilots and astronauts to acceleration above those experienced in the Earth's gravity. The US Air Force at Holloman Air Force Base, NM operates a human centrifuge. The centrifuge at Holloman AFB is operated by the aerospace physiology department for the purpose of training and evaluating prospective fighter pilots for high-g flight in Air Force fighter aircraft. It is important to note that the centrifuge at Holloman AFB is unrealistic in that it is far more difficult for a pilot to tolerate the high-g environment in the centrifuge than in a real fighter aircraft. This well-known fact is based on countless accounts from experienced operational fighter pilots.[citation needed] The use of large centrifuges to simulate a feeling of gravity has been proposed for future long-duration space missions. Exposure to this simulated gravity would prevent or reduce the bone decalcification and muscle atrophy that affect individuals exposed to long periods of freefall. An example of this can be seen in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey. Commercial applications • Standalone centrifuges for drying (hand-washed) clothes - usually with a water outlet. • Centrifuges are used in the attraction Mission: SPACE, located at Epcot in Walt Disney World, which propels riders using a combination of a centrifuge and a motion simulator to simulate the feeling of going into space. • In soil mechanics, centrifuges utilize centrifugal acceleration to match soil stresses in a scale model to those found in reality. • Large industrial centrifuges are commonly used in water and wastewater treatment to dry sludges. The resulting dry product is often termed cake, and the water leaving a centrifuge after most of the solids have been removed is called centrate. Calculating relative centrifugal force (RCF) Relative centrifugal force is the measurement of the force applied to a sample within a centrifuge. This can be calculated from the speed (RPM) and the rotational radius (cm) using the following calculation.  where g = Relative centrifuge force |
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