Linear motors are a type of electric motor in which the converted mechanical energy provides motion to the equipment or machinery solely upon a single linear-axis. Generally categorized as either high-acceleration or low-acceleration motors, linear motors are a type of alternating current (AC) motor and are also at times referred to as linear induction motors and operates on the same principle of electromagnetic induction as typical induction motors (although they are normally rotational).
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Some advantageous characteristics of linear motors include the ability to provide both very high and very low speeds, require almost zero maintenance (not having any contacting parts), and providing high accuracy without any sort of backlash. As a result of the many benefits of this type of electrical motor, many applications and industries are beginning to more commonly utilize linear motors including: industrial manufacturing, for use in the powering of material handling and processing equipment such as conveyor systems; medical, in order to power patient care equipment such as adjustable medical beds, wheel chairs, patient hoists and more; automotive, in which 12 voltage (V) linear motors are often used for power-operated hoods, trunks and more; and semiconductor, in order to power equipment and devices used in wafer testing and inspection applications.
Linear motors can come in a couple of different designs, although there is a general type of construction. At its most basic, linear motors consist of the essential components of an "unrolled" stator, a power source and a moving magnet. The stator is "unrolled" meaning that it instead of being coiled up it is straightened out into a linear straight line to direct the mechanical energy provided by the motor. The stator consists of a coil-core combination, both of which remain stationary when the motor is in motion. The moving magnet functions to move back and forth across the magnetic path provided by the coil-core assembly of the stator. With the power source providing the current to the coils, the force produced by the linear motor is directly proportional to the coil's current. There are many different types of linear motors, which include tubular linear motors, u-channel linear motors and flat linear motors. Tubular linear motors have a cylindrically-shaped bar that houses the moving magnet and are often larger than other types of linear motors. U-channel linear motors have two parallel stators instead of having just one, and are typically three-phase motors instead of single-phase. Lastly, flat linear motors can be further divided into either slotless ironless linear motors, slotless iron linear motors and slotted iron linear motors, all of which are brushless in design.