Cold chamber die casting is one of the two main die casting processes. The words “cold chamber” refer to the equipment in which a metal is cast; cold chamber die casters involve an unheated metal injection mechanism that is separate from the furnace used to prepare metals for casting.
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Cold chamber die casters are used to cast alloys with higher melting points as well as metals like aluminum, brass and copper. These metals have high melting points and cannot be cast in hot chamber die casts, the other main die caster category, because the heat required to melt them would cause damage to the pumping system. By separating the furnace and chamber, cold chamber die castings minimize the amount of heat to which the equipment is exposed, thus reducing the chances of it becoming damaged. While the cycle time for cold chambers is still fast, it takes longer than the hot chamber die casting process, which is used when metals have a lower melting point and can be cast inside a furnace. Cold chamber die casting is popular because of a cheaper cost of production and because of the reduced number of opportunities for the casting equipment to become damaged. The products exhibit naturally smooth surfaces and therefore require less secondary processing. Products made from cold chamber die casting are found and used within all kinds of industrial and commercial contexts. The automotive, aviation, watercraft manufacturing and many other industries make extensive use of cold chamber die cast products.
The cold chamber die casting process begins when the metal material is heated until molten in a furnace. Since the holding pot is kept separate from the die casting machine, the molten metal is either automatically or manually transferred from the furnace to the cold chamber by a ladle instead of by pumping. A plunger forces the metal into the injection sleeve of the die under great amounts of pressure; these pressure levels can be anywhere between 2,000 and 20,000 PSI. The exposure time for the molten metal to plunge the walls of the mold is much less than hot chamber molding because the metal tends to cool very quickly. After the cast has solidified, it is removed from the mold and taken to any necessary post processing. Since the holding pot is not located inside the furnace, cold chamber die casting machines are larger and bulkier than their alternatives.