Liquid Chillers
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Liquid Chillers
Liquid chillers are refrigeration systems that chill liquids such as water, oil, brine, alcohol, chemicals and beverage or food ingredients for industrial applications. Their design and construction are very similar to air conditioners, and they range vastly in size. They may be fabricated as small, localized units for small applications or as large central chillers combining many heat exchangers and external cooling towers which span an entire facility. Some are built for industrial cooling, where they cool products, mechanisms and factory machinery in processes such as plastic injection molding, blow molding, metalworking, welding, die casting, chemical and pharmaceutical processing, food and beverage processing, lab equipment, gas cooling and lasers.
Liquid chillers have four main stages: the evaporator, the vapor compressor, the condenser and the expansion valve. These stages are designed to recirculate the refrigerant through gas and liquid stages. Initially, a cold refrigerant in gas form passes over heat exchanger tubes containing the hot liquid which needs to be chilled. The refrigerant absorbs the heat lost by the liquid, condensing some of the vapor into a liquid. A vapor compressor compresses the liquid-gas refrigerant into a high pressure, high temperature gas. The gas then moves into the condenser coil over which ambient air blows. The air, moved by one or more fans, removes heat from the gas, which causes it to condense into a high pressure, warm temperature liquid. The liquid passes through the expansion valve where a large pressure drop occurs, turning the liquid into a very cold mist. The mist returns to the heat exchanger, and the whole process begins again. Many types of toxic and non-toxic refrigerants may be used in chillers; toxic refrigerants include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and halomethanes such as R-22; these substances have very low boiling points, enabling them to change their physical state from liquid to vapor easily. Non-toxic refrigerants include water, brine, liquefied propane gas and CO2.
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